有哪些常见的避孕手段？

在现代社会中，避孕是一个广泛讨论的话题，它不仅关系到个人和家庭的生育规划，也涉及到性健康和生殖健康。避孕方法多种多样，每种都有其独特的优缺点和使用场景。以下是一些常见的避孕方式及其相关介绍：

1. 避孕套（Condoms） 避孕套是一种物理屏障避孕法，通过阻止精子进入阴道来达到避孕目的。避孕套还可以降低性传播疾病的风险，包括艾滋病病毒（HIV）和其他性病。避孕套的优点是使用方便且即时有效，但需要注意正确佩戴和使用，避免破裂或滑落。

2. 口服避孕药（Birth Control Pills） 避孕药是通过激素作用于女性体内，抑制排卵或者改变子宫颈黏液的稠度，以防止精子和卵子结合形成受精卵。避孕药的种类有短较效避孕药和长效避孕药，前者需每日服用，后者则可在一定时间内提供避孕效果。避孕药的使用有助于调节月经周期，缓解痛经等症状，但也可能带来一定的副作用，如头痛、乳房胀痛等。

3. 宫内节育器（Intrauterine Devices, IUDs） 宫内节育器是一种放置在子宫内的装置，可以干扰受精卵着床，从而达到避孕效果。IUD有两种类型：铜质和非荷尔蒙型以及含孕激素型。前者的有效期通常为5-10年，后者的有效期一般为3-5年。IUD的优点包括高效避孕、副作用较短较短较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短较较短